Ground motion creates risks for communities, infrastructure, and the environment. Infrastructure damage: Ground motion can lead to substantial damage to buildings, roads, bridges, and other types of infrastructure. In the US, it is estimated that $300 to $400 million is spent annually repairing infrastructure damage caused by subsidence. Flood Risk: Areas of subsidence can be at higher risk of flooding, as they are often lower than the surrounding land. For example, in Houston, Texas, extensive subsidence has significantly increased the city's flood risk. Coastal Areas: Coastal cities are particularly vulnerable to subsidence, which can enhance the effects of sea-level rise. In Jakarta, Indonesia, for instance, the combination of subsidence and sea-level rise is causing parts of the city to sink by as much as 25 cm per year. Mining: Extensive mining activities can cause ground displacement and subsidence, leading to significant economic and environmental consequences. In the Ruhr region of Germany, more than 35,000 homes have been damaged by subsidence due to coal mining.